Grammatical Foundations
The building blocks of every Italian sentence
From words to sentences
Now that you know the sounds and basic expressions, it's time for the grammatical foundations. You'll see these elements in EVERY Italian text.
Focus especially on recognizing patterns. You don't need to produce everything perfectly yet - understanding is most important for reading your first story.
Articles & Gender
The key to Italian sentence structure
In Italian, every noun has a gender (masculine or feminine). Articles adjust to match this.
Definite articles (the)
Use these when talking about something specific:
Indefinite articles (a/an)
Use these when talking about something in general:
Recognizing gender - Useful patterns
Examples in context
Avere (To Have) & Possession
The second most important verb
After essere, avere is the most used verb. It expresses possession, but also feelings and age.
The conjugation of avere
Important expressions with avere
In Italian, you use avere where English uses "to be":
Possessive adjectives
Note: usually WITH article, except for family in singular
Possession with di (of)
Numbers, Time & Days
Practical elements for every story
You'll encounter these words constantly. They provide context for when and how often things happen.
Numbers 1-20
Tens & higher numbers
Days of the week
Note: no capital letter in Italian!